Mandeville Analysis

Defining â€Å"Vice† To understand Mandible's claim that society is vice-driven, one needs to loosely examine The Grumbling Hive which was later included in his larger work, The Fable of the Bees: OR, Private Vices, Public Benefits. Mandible starts off by describing â€Å"A Spacious Hive well stock's with Bees, That lived in Luxury and Ease† (Mandible, 1705, lines 1-2). He states they were a large colony with science and industry and a good government, evidenced by the fact that â€Å"They were not Slaves to Tyranny† (Mandible, 1 705, line 9).The bees worked hard at their trades, which served to make the society (the hive) thrive, but he observes that this was not without consequences. He notes hat although the hive worked hard and â€Å"Millions were employed† (Mandible, 1705, line 35), there was always a separate class or group that worked harder than the rest: â€Å"And some were damned to Scythes and Spades, And all those hard laborious Trades; Where willing Wretches daily sweat, And wear out Strength and Limbs to eat† (Mandible, 1 705, lines 41-44).He also notes that there is always a group of people who will take advantage of those hard workers for their own gain, and that this deceit was wide-spread and affected all groups and trades. As evidence, he points out that people filed needless assists; lawyers would delay hearings and pocket the retaining fees like burglars looking for the best way to break in; physicians valued money and power over the health and well-being of their patients and instead chose to study â€Å"Rules of Art†; the â€Å"Priests of Jove†, although eloquent,† . Al past Muster, that could hide Their Sloth, Lust, Avarice and Pride† (Mandible, 1705, lines 74, 85, 89-90); the Kings were cheated by those who served them, and even Lady Justice dropped her scales so she could grasp her bribe of gold. (Mandible, 1705, line 142). In this description of the flourishing hive, Mandibl e paints us a picture, not of a society flourishing from hard work, sweat, and â€Å"doing the right thing', but of a society getting ahead through tricks, deceit, and greed.This is the entire basis for his concept of ‘Vice†. We do nothing out of pure altruism. In Mandible's eyes, everything is driven by Our own self-interest, our need to fulfill our own wishes, Wants, and desires through selfishness, dishonesty and indulgence on luxury goods. In the Preface of his larger work, The Fable of the Bees: or, Private Vices, PublicBenefits, Mandible clarifies his position further when he states: † so they that examine into the Nature of Man, abstract from Art and Education, may observe, that what renders him a Sociable Animal, consists not in his desire or Company, Good-nature, Pity, Affability, and other Graces of a fair Outside; but that his vilest and most hateful Qualities are the most necessary Accomplishments to fit him for the largest, and, according to the World , the happiest and most flourishing Societies† (Mandible, 1714, p. ). Mandible's views were refuted by Adam Smith in his 1759 work, The Theory f Moral Sentiments when he stated: â€Å"Every thing, according to him, is luxury which exceeds what is absolutely necessary for the support of human nature, so that there is vice even in the use of a clean shirt, or of a convenient habitation† (Smith, 1 759, p. 506). It is Smith's view that there is no vice present or intended when our actions are â€Å"honorable and noble† (Smith, 1759, p. 501).However, even Smith, who was one of Mandible's biggest detractors, later admitted: â€Å"But how destructive sever, this system may appear, it could never have imposed upon so great a number of persons, nor eve occasioned so general an alarm among those who are the friends of better principles, had it not in some respects bordered upon the truth† (Smith, 1 759, p. 508), leaving us to believe that perhaps Mandible's concept (and consequence) of â€Å"vice† is actually true.The Products of â€Å"Vice† In Mandible's hive, the society and it's economy is driven by the vices of the bees. Their wishes, wants, and desires for â€Å"things† drive the production and consumption of these commodities. An increased demand for â€Å"things† will lead to more people working to produce those items, which will lead to a argue supply available to the populace (many times at a lower cost due to mass production), and an increased consumption of those items, which leads us back to higher demand, which equals more work, and so on.Mandible also goes on to say that there is a causal relationship between this â€Å"vice† and the ingenuity of the worker, which leads to prosperity even for the poorest members of the hive (society): â€Å"Thus Vice nursed Ingenuity, Which joined with Time; and Industry Had carry's Life's Conveniences, It's real Pleasures, Comforts, Ease, To such a Height, the very Poor Lived better than the Rich before; And nothing could be added more† (Mandible, 1705, lines 97-103).It is important to pause here a moment and point out that we are not discussing those items required to meet basic, day-to-day needs (food, clothing, and housing). We are discussing those items over and above the basics, I. E. : fine clothing, fancy furniture, and expensive food and drink (what he would call luxury items). This â€Å"conspicuous consumption† (a term first coined by Thorniest Evolve in his 1 899 book entitled, The Theory of the Leisure Class: An Economic Study of he Evolution of Institutions) still drives our economy today.A large portion of our population lives well above their means. They purchase houses many times larger than they need, drive vehicles marketed to â€Å"upscale† buyers interested in â€Å"brand identification†, and take out second mortgages they can't afford so they can purchase huge Class A motherhood they use on ce a year, or install a pool which sees limited usage, all because of this need to have the â€Å"things† that project a certain image or lifestyle. These luxury items and the markets they drive were huge in our current society, until the bottom fell outOf the market and everything came crashing down. In 2005, Carol Lloyd Of the San Francisco Chronicle noted: â€Å"In the U. S. , a trend in 1 sass toward large houses began, with the average size of a home doubling over the next 50 years. This trend has been compared to the increase in SUB purchases, also often a symbol of conspicuous consumption. People have purchased huge houses even at the expense of the size of their yard, the inability to save funds for retirement, or a greatly increased commute time, up to a couple of hours.Such large homes can also facilitate other forms of consumption, in roving extra storage space for vehicles, clothes, and other objects† (Lloyd, 2005). In The Theory of the Leisure Class, Evolv e argued that social honor was originally based on ownership of private property. In earlier times, wealth was seen as evidence of the instinct of workmanship, but more recently wealth itself is worthy of praise. Originally, the leisure class sought to demonstrate its wealth by not working. But as industrial society evolved, conspicuous consumption became the best way to demonstrate one's wealth.The leisure class is expected to consume the best in food, drink, shelter, argotic, services, ornaments, apparel, amusements, and so on, and because the leisure class stands at the top of this ranking system, it is incumbent on all classes that rank below them to follow their example (Evolve, 1899, Chi. 4). When Vice is Removed So what happens when â€Å"vice† is removed from society? In Mandible's â€Å"hive†, the bees eventually get tired of living in greed and injustice, so they call on Jove to bring virtue to their society. But, Oh ye Gods! What Consternation, How vast and sudden was the Alteration! In half an Hour, the Nation round, Meat fell a Penny in the Pound† (Mandible, 1 705, lines 242-245). Even the lawyers were affected in this new society: â€Å"The Bar was silent from that Day; For now the willing Debtors pay On which, since nothing less can thrive, Than Lawyers in an honest Hive† (Mandible, 1705, lines 250-251 256-257). Justice returned, physicians tended the ill, the clergy ministered, but yet, the hive was still collapsing.Virtue has been restored, but the society begins to self-destruct. With the drive for self-interest gone, economic development dies and the bees become lazy and unmotivated. The bees are now selling off â€Å"Stately Horses by whole sets; And Country Houses to pay Debts† (Mandible, 1705, lines 325-326); they are moving to other trades where they feel they can make a living, only to find that those trades are â€Å"o'er-stocked accordingly† (Mandible, 1 705, lines 342). Their lands and houses aren't worth what they paid for them, work is scarce, all, it seems is lost.So, they resolve to go about everyday life, living as simply as they can to get by: â€Å"And, when they paid the Tavern Score, Resolved to enter it no more† (Mandible, 1705, lines 357-358). The Haughty Chloe has to sell her furniture from the Indies, she goes longer before buying new clothes, and the rare fruits she previously enjoyed are now a thing of the past (Mandible, 1705, lines 367-381). It seems that by seeking honesty and virtue, the society destroyed itself. The bees start to abandon the hive.The few that remain take shelter in â€Å"a hollow tree, Blest with content and Honesty' (Mandible, 1705, lines 407-408), In the last part of the doggerel, Mandible presents ‘The MORAL†: â€Å"Then leave Complaints: Fools only strive To make a Great an honest Hive. Tendon the World's Conveniences, Be Famed in War, yet live in Ease Without great Vices, is a vain Utopia seated in the Brain. Fraud, Luxury, and Pride must live; Whilst we the Benefits receive† (Mandible, 1705, lines 409-416).Mandible commented in the preface to Fable Of the Bees that he wrote The Grumbling Hive â€Å"to show the Vileness of the Ingredients that all together compose the wholesome Mixture of a well-ordered Society†. He further stated that: â€Å"For the main Design of the Fable †¦ Is to she [show] the Impossibility of enjoying all the most elegant Comforts of Life that are to be met with in an industrious, lathe and powerful Nation, and at the same time be bless's with all the Virtue and Innocence that can be wished for in a Golden Age† (Mandible, 1714, p. ). We can apply this notion that vice is the foundation of national prosperity and happiness to the economic mess in the United States today. There came a point in our current economy that people began to realize they were in debt too deep. Many times, applications for credit were â€Å"doctored† so that a consumer could take out more credit than they could really afford. The result was that consumers over-extended and bought multitudes of ‘things† hey did not need and could not pay for in pursuit of â€Å"status†.Once this realization set in, people began to back away from the excesses of the previous decade: they spent less and tried to save more, they started to sell off their expensive purchases, and they tried to cut back, settling for the day- to-day items necessary to sustain life. Some economists say this sudden frugality actually made things worse, because when people stopped spending, the economy shriveled up. The price of land and houses plummeted, new building stopped, workers in all kinds of industries lost their bobs, factories closed, and the unemployment rate skyrocketed.People started defaulting on loans at an alarming rate. The market was flooded with used motor homes and people were stuck with houses they couldn't afford, but couldn't sell. Forec losures were (and still are) at an all-time high. It seems the American dream has vanished. While Mandible believed the ‘Vice† that causes us to buy â€Å"things† in excess is part of the downfall of the hive: â€Å"Great wealth and foreign treasure,† Mandible wrote, â€Å"will ever scorn to come among men unless you'll admit their inseparable companions, avarice and usury: where trade is considerable, fraud will intrude.To be at once well- bred and sincere is no less than a contradiction; and therefore while man advances in knowledge, and his manners are polished, we must expect to see at the same time his desires enlarged, his appetites refined, and his vices increased† (Mandible, 1714, p. 201 it is interesting to note that the Scandinavian countries (Sweden, Denmark and Norway) have remained relatively stable. In these countries â€Å"where many people pay 50% of their income in taxes† to support their high-benefit welfare system, these â⠂¬Å"systems eve been acting as stabilizers to their economies.If you lose your job in Sweden, you can expect to receive of your wages for the first 200 days of inactivity, up to 680 kronor (EYE) per day, dropping to 70% for the following 100 days. If you lose your job in Norway, you will receive 62% of your previous salary for up to two years† (Pouches', 2009). Kristin Halverson, Narrator's finance minister, states: â€Å"In these days, we see that a strong welfare state, together with free education and healthcare, has acted as a buffer that stabilizes the economy† (Pouches', 2009).Perhaps this is why the Scandinavian entries were affected much less than the United States during the recent recession. I doubt it's because Scandinavia is much less prone to Mandible's concept of';CE†. It is much more likely that in a country like the United States where the welfare state has such strong disapproval, the competitive, â€Å"get ahead at all costs† and â€Å"ke ep up with the Joneses† mentality of the American consumer is at fault. It is the â€Å"do anything, say anything† mentality that people are willing to employ to get what they want when they want it, whether they can afford it or not.

Listen up Essay

I just went to a conference about active listening/benefits. As you may know that active listening is what we need to do in our work place (1). The first step of active listening is listening/understanding. When we listen to someone make eye contact, read their nonverbal communication to have a better understanding on how they feel, an what they are exactly saying. Then we need to empathize with the person, understand what they mean, an ask/encourage the person which we are listening with. When we question them we are showing them that we are listening/encouraging them to give their opinions on the subject. Last but not least paraphrase/summarize what our counterpart has said. When we repeat their ideas it helps the other person that we understood/listened. Finally don’t interrupt when the person is talking. Active listening can improve the work place, improve situations, an a great skill (1). This will increase the group dynamics, operational decisions, satisfaction for the customers (2). Lets talk about benefits for active listening (development). sixty percent of active listeners to solve, organizational errors are about also sixty percent of all of the errors in the organization that are related to some form of failure of active listening. In organizations has diversity has worked well with active listeners. With these methods it will help the people with different principles/values (2). Plus the diversity creates new methods to solve problems that is with the organization. When we have board meeting you can use you active listening skills to the test (2). This way you can retain more of the information that was told. When people have these skill you wont have a lot of  misunderstanding when you communicate with people (2). All in all review the memo about the benefits/health care work place, an become a better active listener. Thank you for taking the time to read this. Work cited (mind tool) http://www.mindtools.com/CommSkll/ActiveListening.htm 1 (ehow) http://www.ehow.com/info_8599007_benefits-active-listening.html 2

Taking Education Reform Global. (country Bolivia) Essay

Taking Education Reform Global. (country Bolivia) - Essay Example As a part of the educational reforms, there is a enormous scope for establishing educational institutions in those nations where existing literacy rate is not good and there is huge potential to enhance the literacy rate. Keeping these points in view, an effort is being made to prepare an policy proposal to study and analyze the prospects of establishing new educational institutions (John Miller Group of Educational Institutions)in Bolivia where lot of potential exists to enhance the literacy rate. The thesis statement of the study is â€Å"What are the ways in which the government of Bolivia would associate with the management of new educational institute and how do the new educational institute work with the local communities to make the education mission successful?†. General picture of Bolivia Bolivia is a South American nation which has a population of about 10 million. It has a multi ethnic composition including Amerindians, Mestizos, Europeans, Asians and Africans and t he main language is Spanish (Read, 2002). It has also responded well to the phenomenon of globalization and started opening of its economy with the outside world (Heyck, 2002). Initially, the education in Bolivia suffered due to political instability and the legislation of 1956 laid the foundation for systematic initiatives for public education system. The basic structure of education in Bolivia comprises of primary education for five years followed by intermediate education for three years and secondary education for four years (Luykx, 1999). Higher education is mainly dealt by University of Bolivia and some other private educational institutions. Educational scenario in Bolivia In several spheres, the other nations or organizations or individuals can initiate any firm or business in Bolivia under the norms and rules of Bolivian government. The educational institutes of other nations would have to apply for the permission to establish new educational institution in Bolivia. After g etting the clearance, the educational department of Bolivia would be communicated regarding the place of establishing new educational institute. The difference between the rural and urban literacy rate in Bolivia is quite higher. The rural literacy rate is very poor due to the fact that the children in rural areas are forced to contribute economically for their family income. Hence, it was reported that the average period of schooling was found to be 4.2 years in rural areas where as in urban areas it was noticed to be 9.4 years. Hence, there exists a potential to enhance literacy rate in rural areas and new educational institutes may be concentrated more in rural areas. Moreover, Bolivia spends about 23 % of its national annual budget towards the educational expenditures. The initiatives of Bolivia towards the opening of its economy with the outside world in the era of globalization inspite of some challenges would certainly help in promotion of educational reforms (Shultz and Drap er, 2009). Basic features of the proposal Bolivian government would provide necessary permission and support for establishment of new educational institutes (John Miller Group of Educational Institution) in different ways if it is convinced that the aspirations of the local people would be taken care. The government of Bolivia wo

Structural Stagnation Dilemma Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Structural Stagnation Dilemma - Essay Example Economist deliberated on the new issue which carried much weight to the US economy and several hypotheses were put across. The economist named this strange phenomenon as the structural stagnation dilemma. The argument was that the problem that had recently hit the US economy were not just normal economic issue, but structural problems caused by globalization. Regardless of whether one approves the structural stagnation dilemma presented by various author, it is quite useful in generating ideas this problem. It illustrates how economic reasoning blends distinct economic concepts and ideas from both macroeconomics and microeconomics into a reasonable explanation for contemporary events. Secondly, the economic reasoning is supported by empirical testing of the ideas hence giving more reliable information. According to this argument, structural stagnation has both the short-term and the long-run causes. The short-run economic causes are intricately linked to consequences of the financial crisis. The long-run manifest itself in issues such as globalization, trade deficits, and exchange rates. These two are perfectly related in that one of the core problems of this financial problem was that the government was trying to avoid handling problems brought about by globalization. The structural stagnation can be explained from a number of economic fronts. For instance, US have experienced a couple of recessions before; however, the recovery has always been slower with each passing recession. The growth has also been slow and gradual. Intuitively, this pointed out to some possibility of other causes rather than just recession. Faced with this kind of problem with each passing year, the economist began to grapple that something must have been wrong with the economy. This was the hallmark of the structural stagnation theory which predicted a recovery characterized by slow growth

Case Study Report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Report - Case Study Example Apart from these provisions, there are other  Individual  indispensable needs such as education that social environment should  offer: counseling therapy at times of psychological turmoil, security, independence, and family, makes the proceeding of the list. A person achieves a state of peace and psychological stability when he or she has the advantage of accessing all these needs. In the case of the 21-year-old Simon, it is apparent that he has traveled through a chain of disappointing case scenarios in life that had altered his thinking and relationships with those he cared for including his mother (Gambrill, 2006). Simon’s problems did not commence when he quit his job. As a counselor, I can trace his troubles from childhood stages when he witnessed the tragic event of a divorce of his parents. Divorce has extremely adverse effects on children. In fact, it has been argued and established that divorce affects children caught up in such marriages with the intense trauma that surpasses that of the parents. Effects of divorce can manifest in adulthood even 20 twenty years later. Divorce instills feelings of despair and rejection. He must have felt rejected since childhood and to make the matters worse, the events of maltreatment kept on recurring in his life experiences. Subconsciously, he was building blocks for protection, which is normal for every ego. Community plays a vital role in an individual’s development since it provides the social environment that nurtures a person’s social growth (Rosen & Proctor, 2013). The community determines whether a person will develop socia l or social attributes. Definitely, the environment begins with the family set-up, which is the primary determinant given it poses as the immediate social environ for every individual. Feeling instilled in one’s persona at home can reflect secondary environs. For instance, a student who has issues at home can project those

Study Design and Data Collection Strategies Research Paper

Study Design and Data Collection Strategies - Research Paper Example The software and hardware will be used to amalgamate the data that will be drawn from land cover maps, and topographic contour maps. It is assumed that, the database will be effective for integrating data generated internally, and which includes plans for habitat restoration and locations of the habitats. DATA REQUIREMENTS Description Enough of the required data is needed for the development of accurate and comprehensive database of a conservatory. The software to be used will be appropriate for reading topographic contour maps. They will be developed in a way that will make distinguishing of the contour lines easier. This will facilitate connection and determination of points with equal elevation within the required region in the conservatory. By so doing, the management of the conservatory will manage to follow the movement of the endangered species along the contours and, therefore, come up with strategies of protecting them. The software will be remarkably effective in developing the database to be used in recording and handling of the wildlife capacity like for example, bird flocks. The wardens will find it easy to follow and locate the habitats making the management of the threatened species unproblematic. Source: Ronca, (2011) Land cover maps will also be developed after the establishment of the database. Land cover maps are used in an array of spatial resolutions and data formats which suit the users appropriately. They allow for the use of detailed data which can be provided as vector products of at least 0.5 Hectare Map units. Source: Land cover map, 2012 The database with the help of software and hardware will provide data from an approximated distance of one kilometer radius within the conservatory. For geo referencing, LCM 2007, LCM 2000 AND LCM 1990 are used in digital land cover maps. Sources of data The data required for running the database will be received digitally from the satellites located in different areas within the conservatory. The si gnals will be received in the station, and then the information will be converted into data that can be used in the database. The satellites will scan the conservatory and then relay images and pictures to the station to facilitate in the management. This will be achieved through the use of NASA Tera satellites which provide refined global pictures to give a clear view of the land patterns and distribution of ecosystems. They help in providing the best quality land cover maps which enables the policy makers and scientists in charge of natural resources do researches well and monitor objects effectively (Przyborski, 2011). NASA Tera satellites provide more detailed and clear pictures of a place based on digital database of images. They also use MODIS sensor’s vintage, which facilitates collection, of high quality data and also merging of multiple looks into a single image. The MODIS land cover maps have different cover types which includes natural vegetations like wetlands, sa vannas, evergreen forests and deciduous. The cost of NASA Tera satellites is estimated to be $ 424,000. It will be extremely effective in monitoring the movement of the endangered within the conservatory. The satellites provide refined pictures and, therefore, the personnel in charge of the ecosystem will monitor the wildlife successfully (Przyborski, 2011). Data acquisition Ensuring that the required peripheral or hardware is available will

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Purchasing gloves for hotel - Essay Example To start with, gloves are important for housekeeping activities because of several reasons. Firstly, gloves facilitate better and firm grip on housekeeping items. In most cases, housekeeping utensils and other items are used with soaps, making the utensils to be slippery and risky to handle. Therefore, gloves can be used to reduce risks of harm to staff carrying out housekeeping duties. Secondly, housekeeping activities involve use of various chemical that can be harmful to skin. In this case, gloves are used to protect housekeeping staff from chemical harm. Finally, gloves are used to protect housekeeping staff from coming into direct contact with dirt being cleaned from various surfaces and utensils. Of more importance, certain characteristics should be considered when choosing gloves o be utilized in housekeeping activities. To begin with, housekeeping staff should choose the right size of gloves that can fit effectively in their hands. This way, chances of gloves slipping off from hands will be minimized. Secondly, housekeeping staff should choose a form of gloves that can allow them to fit their five fingers comfortably hence increasing their quality of grip on various housekeeping items. In addition, the quality of gloves chosen should be capable of handling various chemicals and equipments used in housekeeping activities. For example, more tough gloves are required to handle washroom cleaning equipments and soaps as opposed to the lighter grade used in washing kitchen utensils. There are several companies that sale gloves in Russia that sale different types of gloves used in housekeeping activities. To start with, Dupont Protective Apparel is one of the famous companies that specialize in protective clothing to various industries. Another company that distributes gloves in Russia is the Magid Glove & Safety, which is the largest manufacturer and distributor of gloves. Other companies that distribute gloves in Russia include

Statistic Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Statistic - Research Paper Example Identifying the relationship between the variable would depict if there go hand in hand. According to the results of the Anova analysis, the p-value P=0.221 which is higher than the alpha value used for the study ÃŽ ±= .05. With a P=0.222 when value is high than .05 meaning that the data is not statistically significant hence the null hypothesis is supported for the study since the p-value shows that there is no relationship between lifestyle on satisfaction of your social life. In order to proof the significance relationship undertaken using ANOVA analysis as above, a correlation analysis done using Kendall’s was under taken an it depicted that there is a correlation between lifestyle and social life at .151, however it was a weak positive correlation and it is not statistically significant (p=.117. The main effect of the analysis is that there is a week correlation between lifestyle and social life at .151, and it is not statistically significant (p=.117). Hence, the null hypothesis was supported for the study. This explains that despite the fact that, human beings have different lifestyle it has a small impact on the social life of individuals. However, the small difference depicted from the study indicates that small portion of people is affected by the lifestyle to an extent of destroying their social life. For example, those taking drugs and living unhealthy life can be affected by the lifestyle they are taking. According to United States 2013, health fact sheet the number of obese individual has increased from 1 million people to 1.2 million over the last 5 years and these has caused various social dysfunctions such as lack of human capital because of obese â€Å"syndrome† (Babbie, 2013). This is shown using the scatter graphy

Project 3 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Project 3 - Assignment Example Make this personal (as opposed to simply providing a book answer). Will you experience the consequence(s) of this behavior anytime soon, or do you not truly see this as a threat to your well-being in the next 5 years? 2. Using your knowledge of nutrition, list 3 advantages of the target behavior you selected. Again, please don’t just provide a book answer. What might changing this behavior provide to you today as opposed to 10 years from now? Is that worth the perceived â€Å"sacrifice† of changing whatever it is you’re currently doing? Why or why not? 7. Start to recognize any successes you have had in practicing this behavior, no matter how small. Look over the records you kept and/or assessments you completed. When were you successful in following the desired behavior even a little? Why do you think you were successful? 9. Increasing your knowledge of the advantages of practicing this behavior and/or the disadvantages of failing to do so can help motivate you for change. Using what you have learned in class so far, and/or other resources as needed, write a paragraph describing how you will benefit from making your target behavior a part of your lifestyle. If you need help finding a resource to help you, contact your instructor. 4. What are some of the obstacles that you have encountered that make it difficult to consistently practice this behavior? (Common obstacles are stress, lack of time, travel, and boredom.) List each of the obstacles you encounter (or anticipate encountering) and write one or more potential solutions to keep this obstacle from getting in your way of achieving your

Power of Active Directory in Windows Server 2003 Essay Example for Free

Power of Active Directory in Windows Server 2003 Essay In order to understand the concept of active directory first lets take a look at directory service. Directory Service is a service which stores information of using and managing different objects of network at a centralized point. Those objects include printing servers, file servers, printers; fax servers etc . The directory service stores all of the information regarding the resources and at the same time provides mechanism of easy access to the resources’ information for the users. Active directory is also a directory service in windows server 2003 which stores information about the netwrok resources and about the services that make this information available to the users. Now let’s look at the power and key features of active directory in windows server 2003:  ·Multiple selections of directory objects: We can change the common attributes of many users at the one time.  ·Drag-and-drop functionality: You just need to drag and drop the directory objects from one container to another in order to move them  ·Efficient search capabilities: The object oriented searching facility provides efficient search minimizing the traffic on the network.  ·Saved queries: The active directory queries can be saved, exported, reopened and refreshed, and the results of the attributed queries can also be exported.  ·Active Directory command-line tools: A number of command line tools are available to manage the active directory. Those tools are Ntdsutil, Dsget, Dsrm, Dsmod, Csvde, Dsadd, Dsquery, Dsmove and Ldifde.  · Domain functional levels :Active directory’s domain wide features in your network can be enable using domain functional levels.  ·Forest functional levels: The Active directory’s forest wide features in your network can also be now enabled using forest functional levels.  ·Secure All Lightweight Directory Access Protocol (LDAP) traffic:   All Lightweight Directory Access Protocol (LDAP) traffic is signed and encrypted by Active directory’s administrative tools, by default. It ensures that the data is not corrupted and that it is coming from the known source.  ·Active directory quota: With Active directory quota, the ownership of objects by a user, computer or group can be limited by assigning quotas.  ·New Group Policy settings: more than 200 group policy setting are included in windows server 2003‘s active directory.  ·New Resultant Set Of Policy (RSoP) Wizard is included which enables you to check the policies assigned to a specific user or computer.  ·Folder redirection is also made very easy.  ·Advanced options for software installation are available, which makes installation process easy and administration effective.  ·InetOrgPerson class has been added to enhance the security and it can be used in the same way as the user class is used.  ·Cross forest support is also provided.  ·The Software Restriction Policies that are included can identify unwanted or hostile soft wares and hence will not let them execute on the computer. But this requires that the system is either being run on Microsoft Windows XP Professional or on a family member of Windows Server 2003.  ·Domain controller renaming: The domain controllers, without demoting, can now be renamed with the active directory of windows server 2003.As well as the domain name can now also be renamed with this.  ·In the domain hierarchy, the domains can be moved from one location to another.  ·The two way transitivity can now be extended by creating forest trust.  ·The users’ access of one domain or forest can be allowed, disallowed or given selective access to another domain of forest.  ·Unnecessary objects of the schema can be deactivated  ·In order to link the auxiliary classes to the objects on dynamic bases, extra support is provided.  ·When the partial attribution set is extended , the resulted administrative actions take place; at that time the Tuning global catalog replication is available for preserving global catalog’s state of synchronization All in all the active directory of Windows server 2003 provides a lot of additional features which to facilitate the management, administration and usage of resources in the network. The security additions are also very remarkable and a lot of flexibility is given to the administrator to check and configure different parameters of the network. Other than this some work has also to improve the responsiveness of the network and to cater with the network traffic. Flexibility for moving objects and domains, and for renaming them is also made easy .And with the new policies introduced the access of a user from one domain of forest to another can also be a controlled effectively. Providing these all functionalities and flexibilities to the networks administrators and mangers make their tasks of access controls, security, managing of objects etc very easy. References Spealman, Jill, Hudson, Kurt (2004). Windows Server 2003 Active Directory Infrastructure. Redmond ,Washington: Microsoft Press. Jones, Don (2003). Windows Server 2003 Weekend Crash course. NewYork: Wiley Publishing Inc..

Parent Acceptance of Child With Disability

Parent Acceptance of Child With Disability PARENTALE VIEW OF ACCEPTANCE ON CHILDREN WITH AUTISM OR STUDY ABOUT CHILDREN WITH SPECIAL NEEDS PARENTALE VIEW (NAVI MUMBAI AREA) Introduction Disability The Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (2006) expresses that, disability results from the communication between persons with difficulties and attitudinal and natural obstructions that upset their full and compelling investment in the public arena on an equivalent premise with others. Again it stresses that person with disabled, incorporate the individuals who have long haul physical, mental, knowledgeable or physical disabled, which in cooperate with different boundaries may obstruct their full and powerful interest in the public eye on an equivalent premise with others. Prevalence of Disability A worldwide figure of 335 million parent’s with moderate and extreme disabilities, of whom 70% are existing in the creating scene, has been assessed focused around the UN populace insights for 2000 (Helander, 1998). The Census of 2001 has uncovered that in excess of 21 million individuals in India or 2.1% of the aggregate populace have one or the other sort of Disability of which 12.6 million are guys and 9.3 million are females. However the number of Disable is more in rural and urban territories. Such extent of the debilitated by sex in provincial and urban territories has been accounted for between 57-58 percent for guys and 42-43 percent females. Among the five sort of Disability on which information has been gathered, Visual impairment at 48.5% rises as the top classification. Others in arrangement are: locomotor impairment (27.9%), Mental (10.3%), speech impairment (7.5%), and hearing impairment (5.8%). The impaired by sex take after a comparable example with the exception of that the extent of Disabled females is higher if there should be an occurrence of visual and hearing impairment (Census,2001) Visual Impairment As per the PWD Act, 1995, visual impairment (low vision) indicates to a condition where a person has any of the associated conditions including total lack of sight, visual activity not greater 6/60 or 20/200 (Snellen) in the better eye with redressing lenses; or confinement of the field of vision subtending an edge of 20 degree or more regrettable. Hearing Impairment Hearing Impairment as considered by the PWD Act 1995 suggests the loss of sixty decibels or all the more in the better ear in the routine scope of regularities. Persons with gentle or moderate listening to misfortune have not been incorporated in the classification of persons with hearing impairment. Just persons with serious, significant and collective listening to hindrance have been incorporated in this class. Parental reaction and stereotypes to Visual Impairment and Hearing Impairment Because of the powerlessness of most parents to comprehend the ramifications of visual weakness, it is seen as impairment. One compelling, reaction is indifference, the other great is the condition of over-assurance, in light of the fact that parent’s feel that their child with visual impairment is without all human capacities of being a dynamic part of the general public. Parents feel the beginning of a child with visual impairment to be importance of some misbehavior. Subsequently in their own dissatisfaction the child is ignored. Commonly, the expectancy forecast comes to be genuine; the child creates into an individual who cant help socially or monetarily to the family and society. Disregard causes certain identity issues. The child needs to take in certain fundamental living aptitudes however overprotection denies the child all the common desires of society. Between the two finishes of the range containing neglect and overprotection, the discrepant conduct of parentâ€⠄¢s, adds to the issues of the child with visual hearing impairment. Discrepant conduct indicates to the gap between what an individual says and what an individual feels and does. Genuine sentiments are once in a while communicated as they may be socially unsuitable. Obviously there is full acknowledgement of child with visual hearing impairment yet privately, it might be hard to acknowledge a child who is viewed as responsibility, a purpose behind social remark and feedback. Unmistakable dismissal is sensible yet secretly dismissal in some cases stays undetected, which harms the child mentally. It not just effects his/her development and social connections additionally his/her own self idea, the very basic of a person’s improvement. Families who view visual impairment as a discipline for a wrongdoing, for instance, feel sorry and cover this confirmation of sin from parent’s in general, bringing about disregard of the child with visual impairment. Few parent’s feel that the family relations, for example, the marriage for different parts of the family, or even the reputation of the family itself, would be unfair, if the visual impairment child is presented to general society, again bringing about confinement of the child from formative encounters (Kundu2000). The early years of child with basic hearing impairment regularly comprise of encounters that abandon them confused and irritate. Distressed parents hesitate between foreswearing, outrage, blame and despondency from one viewpoint and an overprotective love on alternate as they search for enchanted cures. Parental responses to the determination of the impairment parallel the pain reaction that has been depicted by Kubler Ross (1969). The vacuum hard of hearing babiesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¸ experience is best represented by Brazeltons (1974) finding that the mothers voice is additionally calming that her visual presence for babies. Consideration looking for and fits are showed by the children as they were not able to make themselves or their needs caught on. Glades (1980) in a broad survey of writing discovered frequencies of enthusiastic and behavioral issues going from 8% to 30% are extensively higher in child with hearing impairment than those experienced in the all-inclusive community of sc hool-age child’s. Families and their children with disability A family having a child with disability first tries to wind up mindful of the issues their child with incapacity is challenging and searches out the reason for the issues and consequently searches for arrangements. In spite of the fact that the vicinity of a child with a physical disability require not make a family emergency, the shame of incapacity forced by society can be aggressive to the parent’s and the crew. Former examination shows that parental responses to having a child with disabled, range from disavowal, projection of accuse, blame, misery, withdrawal, dismissal and acknowledgement of their child. The folks religion may be straightforwardly identified with the level of acknowledgement of the child with disability. Moelsae and Moelsae (1985) contemplated the resistances of relatives to watch the responses of the family when confronted with brokenness in one of its parts and found that the birth of a disabled child interrupted on the ordinary life cycle of the famil y, prompting an emergency. The main response in the parent’s was frequently opposition, yet in any case acknowledgement was arrived. Examination demonstrates that a wide mixture of components may help both the acknowledgement and the concern experienced by groups of child with disability (Singer Irvin, 1989). These variables incorporate child qualities, for example, age, indicative class, consideration giving requests and behavioral attributes (Beckman, 1983). The capacity of the parents to cope with stressors in general (Rabkin Steunings, 1976) and parental convictions about the reason for disability (Lavelle and Keogh, 1980) are qualities that may influence acknowledgement. The sorts and accessibility of both formal and casual frameworks and systems of help, for example, family, companions and experts are additionally thought to help family acknowledgement (Dunst, 1983). A solid relationship between social backing and family adjustment to stretch coming about because of managing life moves and discriminating occasions has been reported (Unger Powell, 1980). Crisis and Acceptance The possible responses of parents of children with disability may incorporate resentment, Humiliation, concern, tension, dissent, perplexity, dismissal, vacillation, severity, over-insurance, disgrace, self-centeredness, stun, profound torment, distress, melancholy, threatening vibe, grieving, wish to murder or suicide endeavors. Parental responses can likewise be separated three sorts of emergency. The principal sort is called the emergency of progress and it originates from the event of a startling change in the individual life and acumen toward oneself. This is not a response to the disability essentially, rather to the sudden change in life circumstances. The second kind of emergency is joined with the change of individual values as an aftereffect of the particular emergency. Most parents have been taught as indicated by a moral framework that worries singular individual capacities and accomplishments. The birth of a disabled child requires parents to love a significant figure – their child, who is denied of the capacity to give a feeling of accomplishment. The result is bivalent emotions around the child. A third kind of emergency is called the emergency of reality and it comes from the unforgiving target conditions framed by the need to raise a child with Disability: monetary challenges, limitati on of the parents free time, and the extraordinary arrangement of time that parent’s are obliged to give their child (Dunst Trivette, 1986). Groups of child’s with Disability ordinarily encounter every one of the three emergencies; however these are not so much equivalent. A few emergencies will last more than others. On the off chance that the family succeeds in meeting parent’s high expectations and persisting through these emergencies it achieves the phase of acknowledgement, i.e. – acknowledgement of the child. At present acknowledgement the family is fit for starting to support itself and for the child with disability as per an expert arrangement, to tackle the clash, and to acknowledge the child regardless of the limits. The writing does not push positive conduct of adapting, as it has a tendency to portray negative parts of the adapting methodology. There are parent’s who respond suitably to a circumstance in which they must live with a child with disability. These are parent’s who deliberately adjust to their child. So as to achieve the phase of acknowledgement and to encourage t he child’s headway and recovery, the child’s genuine circumstance must be acknowledged and the issue must be recognized. To achieve a harmony between inordinate desires, which end in dissatisfaction, and surrendering, it is important to make a central change in methodology. For this reason it is paramount to have essential confidence in the child’s potential, whatever the Disability. At this stage the parent’s search down answers for their issue and approaches to help their child’s progress. They figure out how to admire their internal quality to manage the burden and consider elective arrangements. They figure out how to comprehend the pith of the pain and the breaking points inside which the child may create towards freedom. They figure out how to utilize existing group administrations and profit from them. Families that acknowledge their child with Disability are characterized as being in a condition of harmony between recognition of the childs limitations and looking to make up for these limits, while likewise abstaining from loading of intra-family correspondence forms. Four attributes of the methodology of acknowledgement have been recognized. LITERATURE REVIEW As per Indian registration 2011 just expand 2.21% incapacity contrast with evaluation 2001 2.13%. Instruction framework absence of mindfulness data on child with disabled. As per family structure relying upon class, cast, and customary social on otherworldly accept, philanthropy approach, and so on. Efficient class bunch, social disgrace, rely on upon experience adapting instrument, MSJE Govt. of India According to National Trust Act 1999 for the welfare of Person with Autism, Cerebral Palsy, Mental Retardation Multiple Disability Act. (Act 44 of 1999). Commonness appraisals demonstrate that there may be upwards of two million individuals in India with a mental imbalance. Universal Classification of Disease (ICD-10; World Health Organization, 1992) these analytic develops have since gone around the globe as confirm by the presence of national associations for extreme in excess of 80 nations (Daley 2002, p. 532) regarding India specifically, information of western psychiatry and brain science first touch base with British expansionism (Daley, 2004).a Child demonstrating schizophrenic conduct was initially said in 1959 (Batliwalla, 1959, p.351) and child with special needs research particularly exploration has generously expanded since then (Daley,2004 ). Sustained proficient concentrate in a mental imbalance being in the late 1980s and 1990s (Krishnamurthy, 2008) and autism is presently broadly perceived in medicinal political, and legitimate loops in India. METHODOLOGY The center of this study is to investigate parental acknowledgement and adapting for parents of children with disability. This is a subjective study, families are dynamic working units over and over impelled from circumstances of dependability and parity to those of advancement and change. Parent’s and their families advance inside a solitary framework, always striving for parity. The conception of a child with disability makes a serious rupture of this parity and the family experiences a troublesome experience (Kandel Merrick, 2003). Parent’s are the principal and most imperative connection in the consideration, instruction, and supervision of their child with disability. Capable writing managing parent’s’s examples of adapting to rising a child with disability depicts a wide range of examples, going from responses of grieving and emergency to those of acknowledgement (Kandel, Morad, Vardi Merrick, 2005). Objectives: To increase knowledge into the way parent’s understand the significance of acknowledgement of their child with special needs and the different appearances of their acknowledgement while associating with and raising their child with disability. To investigate shifted variables that impact parental acknowledgement of child with disability. To comprehend diverse adapting components utilized by folks to adapt to their child with disability encouraging acknowledgement. Interview Guide 1. Demographic Information: a. Name: b. Age: c. Address: d. Sex: e. Family Profile: f. Type of Disability: g. Nature of Disability: h. Description of The House: i. Religion: j. Caste: k. Do you have Disability Certificate? If no Why? 2. Reaction when they first came to know about the pregnancy 3. Questions about marriage: Consanguine, Single Parents Single Parents 4. Health of the mother during pregnancy 5. Expectations of parents for the child: Future, Gender, Physical Qualities 6. Anticipation of Disability 7. Reaction when the child was born 8. Treatment Done 9. IfAcquired, what were the causes 10. Do you consider your child as having disability? 11. Do other parent’s think your child has a disability? 12. Spiritual Beliefs 13. Perceived identity of the child a. What comes to your mind when you see your child? b. What all do you like about your child? c. What are the difficulties you face with the child? 14. Perceived Capabilities of the child a. self care b. mobility c. communication d. interpersonal relations e. social relations f. other talents 15. Awareness about the disability a. What do you know about the disability? b. From where did you get the information? 16. Behavioral practices 17. Child rearing practices 18. Questions on coping a. primary appraisal: identification of the stressor b. secondary appraisal: identify the resources c. coping efforts

Symbolism in Hedda Gabler :: essays research papers

The mid-nineteenth century realist playwright Alexandre Dumas wrote the following about his drama. â€Å"If†¦I can exercise some influence over society; if, instead of treating effects I can treat causes; if, for example, while I satirize and describe and dramatize adultery, I can find means to force people to discuss the problem, and the law-maker to revise the law, I shall have done more than my part as a poet, I shall have done my duty as a man†¦.We need invent nothing; we have only to observe, remember, feel, coordinate, restore†¦.As for basis, the real; as for facts, what is possible; for means, what is ingenious; that is all that can rightfully be asked of us.† Along with the realist dramatists of his time, Dumas wrote his plays with a noble mission: to ignite social change and to raise social awareness of a problem or issue through realistic dramatization of his environment. Like Dumas, Henrik Ibsen concerned himself with problems of human behavior and m orality in society. And like his predecessors, Ibsen used naturalistic writing to exhibit human beings as they really are and as they really behave in the culture of his time. But the reasons why Ibsen was more effective and successful at Dumas’ objective that was Dumas himself was because he abandoned happy and acceptable resolutions to his plays, confronted human behavior with honesty and acute observation, often raising disturbing and embarrassing questions, and left out the didactic solutions to the problems in question in favor of offering no solution, leaving his questions open to thought and interpretation. Ibsen saw his wild success as a playwright well before he died, and it was in great part due to his rejection of realist proponents like the emphasis of mainly external detail and his uproar-causing and shocking resolutions to his plays. But in addition and I think more importantly, Ibsen’s triumph was because of his reach ahead of his time and his inclusion of symbolist elements in his drama. While at the base a naturalist play, the symbols and images in Hedda Gabler bring immeasurable weight and power his naturalistic depiction of a woman constricted by her society and, whether because of this constriction or simply because of her inherent nature, intent on similarly sucking the life out of other individuals. Ibsen did not strive to write a symbolist play. Naturalist drama is much better suited for social change than is symbolist drama.

Dark Images of Cyberpunk :: Literary Movement Technology Essays Papers

Dark Images of Cyberpunk Works Cited Missing With the publication of seminal works such as Mary Shelly's Frankenstein, science fiction has always contained an appeal to the underground culture. Her Gothic visions of human behavior became the inspiration for works such as Ray Bradbury's Fahrenheit 451 and Isaac Asimov's I, Robot series. Though the beginning emphasized utopian societies, science fiction progressed to include a future quite different from the present. Visions of flying ships, lasers, and travels to far off space colonies inundated these works. However, one subset of authors, such as William Gibson, Bruce Sterling, and Lewis Shiner, molded an entirely different genre of science fiction, placing more emphasis on the darker future of life on Earth. This work, later labeled "cyberpunk," brought with it a very bleak view of future societies and culture. The features of their style of writing, which include the masculinization of women, the perversion of technology, the oppressive descriptions of settings and life, and the negative characterizations of people, defined the notion of cyberpunk. Women have a certain status in cyberpunk, one that is very contrary to the current sociological expectations of them. Women in these societies have had to adapt to the environmental pressures put on them. They behave in an unconventional manner, as their sociological role dissolves any need for refinement and they must act and think as men would if they are to survive. Illustrations of this assertion abound. On an emotional level, women are portrayed as being very aggressive, both sexually and physically. One example of this can be found in Tom Maddox's "Snake Eyes": Lizzie and George are described as "rubbing up against one another....twinned, as if there were cables running between the two of them," and even describes their initial introduction, where Lizzie gives him a very passionate kiss immediately following their introduction (Mirrorshades, page 18). The passage also recounts in great detail the sexual encounter which occurs just minutes after their first encounter (page 19). On a physical level, the description of women in this genre seems to lack femininity as well. Another example from the same story is the initial sketch of Lizzie, "Her blond hair was cut almost to the skull (page 18)". This (superficial) absence of femininity is traditional in cyberpunk works. She is also described as having numerous tattoos, one on her left shoulder and curving down between her breasts, where it ended in a single blood-tear (page 18). Dark Images of Cyberpunk :: Literary Movement Technology Essays Papers Dark Images of Cyberpunk Works Cited Missing With the publication of seminal works such as Mary Shelly's Frankenstein, science fiction has always contained an appeal to the underground culture. Her Gothic visions of human behavior became the inspiration for works such as Ray Bradbury's Fahrenheit 451 and Isaac Asimov's I, Robot series. Though the beginning emphasized utopian societies, science fiction progressed to include a future quite different from the present. Visions of flying ships, lasers, and travels to far off space colonies inundated these works. However, one subset of authors, such as William Gibson, Bruce Sterling, and Lewis Shiner, molded an entirely different genre of science fiction, placing more emphasis on the darker future of life on Earth. This work, later labeled "cyberpunk," brought with it a very bleak view of future societies and culture. The features of their style of writing, which include the masculinization of women, the perversion of technology, the oppressive descriptions of settings and life, and the negative characterizations of people, defined the notion of cyberpunk. Women have a certain status in cyberpunk, one that is very contrary to the current sociological expectations of them. Women in these societies have had to adapt to the environmental pressures put on them. They behave in an unconventional manner, as their sociological role dissolves any need for refinement and they must act and think as men would if they are to survive. Illustrations of this assertion abound. On an emotional level, women are portrayed as being very aggressive, both sexually and physically. One example of this can be found in Tom Maddox's "Snake Eyes": Lizzie and George are described as "rubbing up against one another....twinned, as if there were cables running between the two of them," and even describes their initial introduction, where Lizzie gives him a very passionate kiss immediately following their introduction (Mirrorshades, page 18). The passage also recounts in great detail the sexual encounter which occurs just minutes after their first encounter (page 19). On a physical level, the description of women in this genre seems to lack femininity as well. Another example from the same story is the initial sketch of Lizzie, "Her blond hair was cut almost to the skull (page 18)". This (superficial) absence of femininity is traditional in cyberpunk works. She is also described as having numerous tattoos, one on her left shoulder and curving down between her breasts, where it ended in a single blood-tear (page 18).

J.B. Preistly’s Presentation of Inspector Goole in An Inspector Calls :: English Literature

Analyse J.B. Preistly’s Presentation of Inspector Goole in An Inspector Calls ‘An Inspector Calls’ is a play written by J.B. Preistly in 1945 after WW2. The play was set in 1912 just before WW1, this date was chosen to show the contrasts of the two orders and to help J.B.Preistly’s message of the play become clearer. In the world in1945, as I’ve said, it was the end of WW2 and the Labour Party had been elected for government for the first time. Preistly’s message of the play is that he thinks that the old older was a bad idea because it had already got the world in 2 world wars’ and that every body should respect and care about each other . The Inspector is an important character is important to the play because he is like the spokes person of the play because he shows that the ways of the old order are wrong and that the way of the new order was the right way to go. He is also pointing out Preistly’s message by saying that the old order views from Arthur Birling about how everybody should look after themselves and not care about any other problems in the world accept your own. The way that Preistly does this is by contrasting Inspector Goole and Arthur Birling for example the Inspector is cool, calm and collected, Arthur Birling has to always have his wits about him and always try to be right. My first impressions of the Inspector are that he is an important character to the play and solving the mystery of who killed Daisy Renton, but I didn’t think that he would have any thing to do with the message. Did Preistly want the audience to think this? I think that he did and that adds to the initial impact of the inspector’s character, not knowing what he is all about. In the text Preistly describes the inspector as a big character in his late 40’s makes him seem a convincing inspector; this could help to trick the audience in the later scenes. The Inspectors entrance is important because it is the middle of Birling’s big speech about only looking after yourself and later in the play he contradicts that speech and shows Birling that he is in the wrong and that Eric And Sheila are right for being in the new order. When he enters the room with the lines â€Å" I’d like some information if you don’t mind, Mr. Birling† it makes the audience feel that Birling, who is so convinced the old order is correct and he is

Command Economy

Command Economy: Mountainous Politicians, countries and ideologies from all over the world have been torn for years between what they should follow and believe. Countries argue over which policies should be adopted been the economist's fundamental question. What would life be like if the country you lived in targeted equality- to live in a country where all people are equal, all are treated the same, and all are one? People desire to live in a place where social class is not an issue and money, food shortage, monthly bills, and shelter is nothing you have to worry about.The command economy provides survival, value in work, stability, equality and care and economic resources for all its members, young, sick, disabled, and the old. The command economy is much stable then the market economy. One reason command economy is more efficient than a market economy is because the command economy focuses on providing survival for its people. All residents are provided with the basic needs for su rvival such as housing, jobs, education, clothing, food etc. The government provides all the needs.There is no worry about bills, losing jobs, food shortage. In a market economy, you are not guaranteed all this, sure you are given well fare– but you are not guaranteed a job. What happens to those in need of a job? They aren’t given a job. In a market economy you are on your own. Karl Marx, a German philosopher, formed the command economy. In a market economy, you are constantly competing for survival. Whereas the command economy- you are guaranteed survival. The government provides all your basic needs.According to Marx, â€Å"Disadvantage of a pure market economy cannot provide security to those who, because of sickness or age, cannot be economically productive. † The bottom line is that the government of a market economy does not imply support to its residents. An older couple is not living under the government’s wing, but the insurance and money they h ave saved over the ages. The market economy has no interest for â€Å"providing public goods and services, such as national defense† says, Marx. Another reason the command economy is better than the market economy is because the command economy values what the workers produce.According to Marx, â€Å"The definition of value – its value is the amount of labor needed to produce and sustain labor power†¦ or it is the amount of labor needed to produce and sustain labor-power. † Command economies take pride into what the workers produce. A product can be worth nothing, but it is worth much more as opposed to how much the worker has worked to produce the product. The government is in charge of producing the number of goods making sure that no money is wasted, and if it is, it is done correctly. The command economy has been successful as far as funding money.The command economy is very stable and will never have sudden depressions or financial crisis. In the late 1800s the United States struggled with government ruling. For example, The United States had little control over the economy in the early 1900s which lead to one of America’s most devastating historic event, The Great Depression. The market economy tends to multiply the wealth of a nation much quicker due to evolution while the command economy plans the entire money making process, which has proved to be more beneficial.The command economy, as I mentioned earlier is in charge of its production and the demand of the consumer. For example, the government owns the companies in a command economy so moving production to a different area is no problem because the government is capable of doing it quickly as opposed to the market economy. In a market economy there are different owners and different regulations to each area. The value of the worker is always valued in a command economy. Equality is a very strong component to the command economy.The government tries to eliminate all p roperty and distribute its good equally. If done correctly no one is in poverty and no one is wealthier than the other. Marx explains, â€Å"The workers are selling to an abstract capacity to labor, and because of this, the capitalist is able to exploit them by only paying labor-power’s value. † This means that the worker is paid only by the work the worker has accomplished. For example, all residents are paid the same wage for the same amount of work that is done. The command economy also shares the same religion.This way government and the church are able to work together unlike the market economy where the government and the church are always on the different sides. The government also provides education for all of its residents. All of its people are educated at the same level. Equality is a strong component to the command economy. The care and economic resources are also a big deal to the command economy. No other economy provides such resource. The market economy does not provide full coverage after you are unable to work. You have to save money for retirement-that comes from your pocket.In a command economy you are guaranteed care and economic resources to sustain survival even if you are not currently working- the government will have you under its wing. The command economy is much more efficient then the market economy. Residents are worry-free when it comes to resources of survival. The government also takes pride into the workers work and eliminates social classes to create equality amongst the residents. It is a stable economy and provides care for its residents. The command economy is more efficient then the market economy. Command Economy Recently, over this summer there has been hundreds of children who have illegally entered the United States from Central and South America. They snuck here because a lot of their parents sent them here in search off much safer life with more opportunity ahead of them instead of being under a gruesome government control over in there home country.I believe they should be sent back to their country because, these kids could potentially be a liar and or a threat to our countries safety, and it is unconstitutional to make exceptions for anyone that doesn't bide by the law, especially if they're not a United States citizen, that entered the U. S illegally. Unfortunately, no matter how bad any kid could've had it in a South American country, we ultimately can not trust there word because nobody's word is just completely reliable, they could be lying and be someone completely different then what they're telling us whether they are a kid or not.Without undeniable proof that they really did c ome here to escape their country, then we have too assume they're lying in order to ensure the safety to our fellow American citizens. Furthermore, even If they have proof that they really did come to our country seeking help and opportunity, they still would have to go through the Immolation and citizenship gaining process Just like everyone else who has and wants to migrate too the United States to become a citizen.Therefore to sum It up, there may be many kids who want and need help that came here from their troubled country, but we as a country can not put ourselves In danger as a whole for people from somewhere else. America has their own problems to worry about and exceptions can not and should not be made for people who could be potential threats to our country.

Gas Leak Sensing In Cars Using Embedded System Engineering Essay

Abstraction: Carbon monoxide is a colourless, odorless, toxic gas whose primary beginning indoor is the uncomplete burning of fossil fuels. Carbon Monoxide is the most toxic which restricts the flow of O to the encephalon, rendering the individual dead within proceedingss. The chief purpose of this thesis is to develop a system to observe the being of C monoxide inside a auto, due the malfunctioning of the air conditioner and to supply an exigency mechanization to avoid any build-up of C monoxide gas. The mechanization involves uninterrupted monitoring of CO degrees and triping relays to run the exigency system, when CO degrees reach a high value. The GSM engineering can be used when a vehicle met with an accident, instantly the location, vehicle figure, individual to reach figure, reference and the medical history will be transferred to the nearest aid desk. Keywords: Carbon monoxide, MQ-7 detector, Microcontroller AT89s51, GSM engineering Introduction Carbon monoxide is a colorless, odorless, toxic gas whose primary beginning indoor is the uncomplete burning of fossil fuels. The job that we are seeking to get the better of is Carbon Monoxide leak in a auto. When the air-conditioner malfunctions, there is a CO leak, which can be risky, sing that most of the autos are air-conditioned. In the event of people acquiring stuck in the auto during a CO leak, it could turn out fatal, as this gas is really toxic. It mixes with the haemoglobin in blood and signifiers carboxy-hemoglobin, which restricts the flow of O to the encephalon, rendering the individual dead within proceedingss. The molecule consists of a C atom that is triply bonded to an O atom. Carbon monoxide is a commercially of import chemical. It is besides formed in many chemical reactions and in the thermal or uncomplete decomposition of many organic stuffs. Dangerous sums of CO can roll up when as a consequence of hapless installing, hapless care or failure or harm to an contraption in service, the fuel is non burned decently, or when suites are ill ventilated and Carbon Monoxide is unable to get away. Having no odor, gustatory sensation or coloring material, in today ‘s universe of improved insularity and dual glazing it has become progressively of import to hold good airing, maintain all contraptions on a regular basis and to hold perfectly dependable sensor dismaies installed giving both a ocular and hearable warning instantly there is a build up of CO to unsafe degrees. 1.1 The effects of Carbon Monoxide Carbon Monoxide toxicants by come ining the lungs via the normal external respiration mechanism and displacing O from the blood stream. Break of the normal supply of O puts at hazard the maps of the bosom, encephalon and other critical maps of the organic structure. Carbon Monoxide produces the undermentioned physiological effects on people exposed to the concentrations shown: Table No 1.1 Safety Degrees The above information is for a healthy grownup. Persons enduring from bosom or respiratory wellness jobs, babies and little kids, unborn kids, anticipant female parents and pets can be affected by CO poisoning more rapidly than others in the family and may be the first to demo symptoms. 1.2 Corrective Action Evacuate & gt ; Ventilate & gt ; Investigate Travel the affected individual to fresh air.A Administer O if available. Contact medical aid. If the individual is non eupneic, perform unreal respiration as taught in Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation Training until medical aid arrives. Vent the country. Investigate the beginning of C monoxide and do fixs. The most of import thing that one can make to protect oneself and one ‘s household from the dangers of Carbon Monoxide toxic condition is by acquiring a Carbon Monoxide Sensor Alarm with a low degree index. If one can suit a sensor one can at least be certain, holding carried out all the about safety cheques, that he is protected. 1.3 EMERGING Technology Dae-Eun Park, Taegyu Kimb, Sejin Kwon, Choong-Ki Kima, Euisik Yoon, ( 3 ) presents the Successful execution, â€Å" Micromachined methanol steam reforming system as a H provider for portable proton exchange membrane fuel cells † , In this paper, a fresh hydrogen-supplying device for fuel cells has been designed, fabricated, and demonstrated. The proposed H provider is a micromachined one-chip fuel processing system including vaporiser, catalytic combustor and methyl alcohol steam reformist. This fuel processing system utilizes the thermic energy generated from the catalytic H burning to heat up the full system. For the catalytic burning, we have introduced C nanotubes as a encouraging construction of Pt accelerator for the first clip. We have besides developed a new surfacing method of reforming accelerator ( Cu/ZnO/Al2O3 ) and observed that equal sum of H can be generated for PEM fuel cells. We have successfully reported the feasibleness of the proposed fuel processing system . â€Å" Handheld laser-based detector for distant sensing of toxic and risky gases † ( 7 ) . A new optical tool, which will assist petrochemical refinery and chemical processing works forces locate the beginning of a toxic or risky gas leak while staying outside the margin of the processing country, has been demonstrated. This detector is capable of turn uping leaks from a distance of about 20 m, with a response clip of less than 1 2nd. By heightening the velocity with which leaks can be located, the hazard of an inchoate failure going a ruinous failure is reduced significantly. The tool is based on Tunable Diode Laser Absorption Spectroscopy ( TDLAS ) . TDLAS is presently being utilized in these industrial environments in permanently-installed open-path constellations to feel releases of selected gases as they exit the processing country. The detector described here combines a lightweight, portable optical transceiver with battery-operated electronics in a individual handheld bundle. By standing in a safe country and â€Å" polishing † the eye-safe optical maser beam emanating from this device onto suspected leak beginnings, operators may quickly insulate the beginning while minimising their possible exposure to the jeopardy. The detector can be configured to feel leaks ensuing in path-integrated concentrations of, for illustration, 2 ppm-m of H fluoride, 200 ppm-m of H sulphide, or 10 ppm-m of methane. Dr. Stetter ‘s ( 4 ) says, ‘The new detector utilizing a nano-particulate composite plastic for electronic conductivity within the detectors ‘ cell wall. â€Å" It is astonishing what such an invention does for the detector interior decorator, comments Dr. Stetter. To be able to plan a detector with no wires or connections to the electrodes eliminates the major beginning of detector failure over clip. With the new nanotechnology enabled T-Series detectors, a bantam low-cost bundle that is more robust is the consequence. Vishad Patel, Senior Engineer of Transducer Technology, Inc. says, â€Å" In add-on to leting the new bantam detector design, † â€Å" we get to do radical low profile level detectors with fewer fabrication stairss. † All of these characteristics may be great for applied scientists but the client besides benefits to a great extent from this new attack to sensor merchandises. The first detector attempted with the nanotechnology was a CO [ C monoxide ] detector. The consequences are astonishing, high public presentation CO detectors, even better public presentation specifications, like response clip and stableness, than most of the bing detectors. The EMI intervention appears to be less than the current offerings for CO detectors besides. This means the client can freely plan bantam, rugged, accurate, and low power CO metres that are guaranteed to run in a broad assortment of environments and applications. J.Ayala, Donald.P.Eckman, Evangelous Petroutsos ( 9 ) says, â€Å" Micro Controller 8951 † . A microcontroller ( besides MCU or A µC ) is a computer-on-a-chip. It is a type of microprocessor stressing autonomy and cost-effectiveness, in contrast to a all-purpose microprocessor ( the sort used in a Personal computer ) . In add-on to all arithmetic and logic elements of a general intent microprocessor, the microcontroller normally besides integrates extra elements such as read-only and read-write memory, and input/output interfaces. 1.4. Block DiagramCO gas DetectorGSM ModemRS 232Door Locking/Unlocking Unit of measurementSignal ConditionerAT89S51Driving CircuitA detector is a type of transducer, or mechanism that responds to a CO gas by bring forthing another type of energy signal. The Sensor that we use in the undertaking is MQ-7. A signal conditioner is a device that converts one type of electronic signal into another type of signal. Its primary usage is to change over a signal that may be hard to read by conventional instrumentality into a more easy read format. In executing this transition a figure of maps may take topographic point. They include: Amplification Electrical Isolation Linearization Cold Junction Compensation Excitement A microcontroller ( besides MCU or A µC ) is a computer-on-a-chip. It is a type of microprocessor stressing autonomy and cost-effectiveness, in contrast to a all-purpose microprocessor ( the sort used in a Personal computer ) . Microcontrollers are often used in automatically controlled merchandises and devices, such as car engine control systems, office machines, contraptions, power tools, and playthings. By cut downing the size, cost, and power ingestion compared to a design utilizing a separate microprocessor, memory, and input/output devices, microcontrollers make it economical to electronically command many more procedures. In telecommunications, RS-232 ( Recommended Standard 232 ) is a criterion for consecutive binary informations signals linking between a DTE ( Data terminal equipment ) and a DCE ( Data Circuit-terminating Equipment ) . It is normally used in computing machine series ports. A GSM modem is a wireless modem that works with a GSM radio web. A wireless modem behaves like a dial-up modem. The chief difference between them is that a dial-up modem sends and receives informations through a fixed telephone line while a wireless modem sends and receives informations through wireless moving ridges. A GSM modem can be an external device or a Personal computer Card / PCMCIA Card. Typically, an external GSM modem is connected to a computing machine through a consecutive overseas telegram or a USB overseas telegram. A GSM modem in the signifier of a Personal computer Card / PCMCIA Card is designed for usage with a laptop computing machine. Detector A detector is a type of transducer, or mechanism that responds to a type of energy by bring forthing another type of energy signal, normally electrical. They are either direct indicating ( an electrical metre ) or are paired with an index ( possibly indirectly through an parallel to digital convertor, a computing machine and a show ) so that the value sensed is translated for human apprehension. A device that responds to a stimulation, such as heat, visible radiation, or force per unit area and generates a signal that can be measured or interpreted is called a SENSOR. 2.1 Types of SENSORS Types of detectors include electromagnetic, chemical, biological and acoustic. Aside from other applications, detectors are to a great extent used in medical specialty, industry and robotics. In order to move as an effective detector, the undermentioned guidelines must be followed: The detector should be sensitive to the measured variable. The detector should be insensitive to any other variable. The detector should non act upon the measured variable. In theory, when the detector is working absolutely, the end product signal of a detector is precisely relative to the value of the parametric quantity it is meant to mensurate. The addition is so defined as the ratio between end product signal and measured variable. For illustration, if a detector measures temperature and has an existent electromotive force end product, the addition is a changeless with the unit. 2.2 CO SENSOR MQ-7 The Sensor that we use in our undertaking is a commercial merchandise from Hanwei Electronics Ltd. China. The detector is composed of micro Al2O3 ceramic tubing, Tin Dioxide ( SnO2 ) sensitive bed, mensurating electrode and warmer are fixed into a crust made by plastic and unstained steel cyberspace. The warmer provides necessary work conditions for work of sensitive constituents. The enveloped MQ-7 Sensor has 6 pins, 4 of which are used to bring signals ; the other 2 are used for supplying heating current. 2.2.1 Features of the Sensor The assorted characteristics of the MQ-7 is listed below High sensitiveness to carbon monoxide. Stable and long life. Miniature size and low power ingestion. Low Cost. 2.2.2 Applications of the Sensor Residential and commercial CO sensors. Air quality accountants. Ventilation control for indoor parking garages. These electronic sensors sound against a fire by feeling CO degrees in the air. Demand controlled airing for offices, exhibition centres, hotels, tunnels, mines and auto Parkss. Pollution Control for the vehicles. 2.2.3 Specifications Symbol Parameter name Technical Condition Remark TaoUsing temperature-20i‚ °-50i‚ ° Tantalum Storage temperature -20i‚ °-50i‚ ° Advice utilizing range Rhesus factor Relative humidness Less than 95 % RH O2 Oxygen concentration 21 % ( stand status ) the O concentration can impact the sensitiveness. Minimum value is over 2 % The tabular array 2.1, 2.2 and 2.3 are the specifications of the MQ-7 detector. Table No 2.1 Standard Work Conditions Table No 2.2 Environment conditions Symbol Parameter name Technical Condition Remark VC Circuit Voltage 5VA ±0.1 Ac or Dc VH ( H ) Heating Voltage ( high ) 5VA ±0.1 Ac or Dc VH ( L ) Heating Voltage ( low ) 1.4VA ±0.1 Ac or Dc RL Load Resistance Can set Rhesus factor Heating Resistance 33I ©A ±5 % Room Temp. TH ( H ) Heating Time ( high ) 60A ±1 seconds TH ( L ) Heating Time ( low ) 90A ±1 seconds Ph Heating Consumption Less than 330mw Table No 2.3 Sensitivity features Symbol Parameter name Technical Condition Remark Roentgen Surface opposition Of sensitive organic structure 2-20k In 100ppmCarbon Monoxide? ( 300/100ppm ) Concentration incline rate Less than 0.5 Rs ( 300ppm ) /Rs ( 100ppm ) Standard working status Temperature -20i‚ °CA ±2i‚ °C: Relative humidness 65 % A ±5 % : RL: 10KI ©A ±5 % VC: 5VA ±0.1V VH: 5VA ±0.1V VH: 1.4VA ±0.1V Preheat clip No less than 48 hours Detecting scope: 20ppm-2000ppm C monoxide 2.2.4 Structure of the Sensor MQ-7 Structure and constellation of MQ-7 gas detector is shown as Figure 2.1. ( Configuration A or B ) Figure No 2.1: Detector construction of MQ-7 2.2.5 Basic Measuring Circuit As shown in Figure 2.2, standard mensurating circuit of MQ-7 sensitive constituents consists of 2 parts: One is the heating circuit holding clip control map ( the high electromotive force and the low electromotive force work circularly ) , the 2nd is the signal end product circuit: it can accurately react alterations of surface opposition of the detector. Figure No 2.2: Measuring Circuit of Sensor 2.2.6 Operation Principle The surface opposition of the detector RS is obtained through accomplished electromotive force signal end product of the burden opposition RL which series-wound. The relationship between them is described by 2.2.6.1:RSRL = ( VC-VRL ) / VRL 2.2.6.1Figure No 2.3 Clocking Diagram of Sensor Figure 2.3 shows alterable state of affairs of RL signal end product measured by utilizing Fig.2.2 Circuit Output signal, when the detector is shifted from clean air to Carbon Monoxide ( CO ) , Output Signal measuring is made within one or two complete heating period ( 2.5 minute from high electromotive force to low electromotive force ) . Sensitive bed of MQ-7 gas sensitive constituents is made of SnO2 with stableness. So, it has first-class long-run stableness. Its service life can make 5 old ages under utilizing status. 2.2.7 Sensitivity Adjustment for the Sensor Resistance value of MQ-7 is different to assorted sorts and concentration of gases. So, when utilizing these constituents, sensitiveness accommodation is really of import. It is recommended that the sensor is calibrated for 200ppm CO in air and Load opposition ( RL ) needed is about 10 KI © ( 5KI © to 47 KI © ) . For accurate measuring, the proper dismay point for the gas sensor should be determined after sing the temperature and humidness influence. The sensitiveness accommodation algorithm is as follows: a. Connect the detector to the application circuit. B. Turn on the power, Preheat through electricity for over 48 hours. c. Adjust the burden opposition RL until a signal value is obtained, which responds to a certain Carbon Monoxide concentration at the terminal point of 90 seconds. d. Adjust another burden opposition RL until you get a signal value is obtained which is respond to a Carbon Monoxide concentration at the terminal point of 60 seconds. Figure No 2.4: Sensitivity Features of the MQ-7 Fig.2.4 shows the typical Sensitivity Characteristics of the MQ-7 Sensor for several gases. Figure 2.5: gives the Dependence of MQ-7 on Temperature and Humidity Temp: 20i‚ °C: Humidity: 65 % : O2 concentration 21 % : RL=10kI © Ro: Detector Resistance at 100ppm CO in the clean air. Roentgen: Detector Resistance at assorted concentrations of gases. Figure No 2.5: Dependence of MQ-7 on Temperature and Humidity.CO Gas DetectorThe Micro-controller has many more grounds to be used than the microprocessors. Automatically controlled merchandises and devices, cut downing the size, cost, and power ingestion and increasing informations transportation velocity, memory. The figure 3.1 gives the portion of the circuit of the thesis. Circuit Diagram of Gas Detector3.1 Automation after CO is detectedThis undertaking intends to get the better of the unsafe state of affairs that those three people found themselves in, on that fatal twenty-four hours. Using the Sensor MQ-7, after CO is detected, Emergency Automation and Control is provided, based on the degree of CO detected. From the tabular array 1.1, we see assorted degrees of CO in ppm. These degrees indicate the degrees of toxicity and its effects on Human Beings. The lock of the door, which is portion of the cardinal lockup system, is unbarred automatically. Redundantly, a doorbell is sounded to bespeak that the doors are unbarred to enable speedy issue from the auto. As already explained, when the first degree of CO is reached, the slit on top of the auto opens leting fresh air to come in in, while the exhaust fan removes CO from indoors. The consequence of this operation can be witnessed on the LCD, where the CO degree lessenings. Redundancy is implemented here in the signifier of two exigency actions taking topographic point at the same clip. By and large, this degree is non reached because the first action is really good in cut downing the CO degree inside the auto. But, in dire fortunes, when there is an exponential buildup of CO degree in the auto, due to unknown grounds and the first action is turn outing to be inefficient, the 2nd exigency action takes over. Hence, Redundancy is besides implemented here for Safety. Following actions take topographic point on making the 2nd degree. The doors are unbarred automatically. An exact reproduction of a existent auto door mechanism is used here.4.1. Future EnhancementThe particular characteristics of this â€Å" GSM Based CO Gas Leak Sensing Using Embedded System † have been discussed in the old chapters. Now let us see how this undertaking can be enhanced in the hereafter with the latest approaching engineerings.This undertaking being a crisis direction mechanization system can be enhanced with the WAP engineering. With this the current readings of the degree of the CO degrees or the other parametric quantities involved can be sent through to a few of import Mobile phones when risky degrees are reached. Besides this can be used in assorted other state of affairss like mills, industries and other topographic points where CO buildup may happen. The chief difference in the undertaking would be to take the appropriate CO detector as the state of affairs requires. CO Sensors with higher degrees of sensitiveness are available.4.2 DecisionA really accurate and effectual method to observe CO degrees within inside a auto has been devised. Besides two degrees of mechanization have been incorporated to battle any addition in CO degrees within the auto. The whole undertaking is really cost effectual and can be implemented in any sort of auto right from the basic theoretical account to the luxury autos. The life of the CO detector is besides really long and its dependability is really good. Besides assorted other parametric quantities can be continuously monitored and displayed in the show. This adds diverseness to the undertaking and enables multi tasking.

Not as Easy as 1,2,3 Essay

People, Work & Organizations- MGMT20124 Assessment 1- Report Case Study Not as Easy as 1, 2, 3 Contents Contents2 Executive Summary4 1- Introduction5 1. 1 Background to the report5 1. 2 Scope5 1. 3 Aims 6 2- Discussion7 2. 1 Organizational Justice7 2. 2 Perception errors 8 2. 3 Stress8 2. 4 Exit-Voice- loyalty ­-Neglect model8 2. 5 Team work 9 2. 6 Motivation9 3- Literature review10 3. 1 Organizational Justice10 3. 2 Maslow’s needs hierarchy theory12 3. 3 Expectancy theory14 4- Solutions and suggestions18 4. 1 Organisational Justice 18 4. 2 Stress 19 4. 3 Improving feedback process21 5- Conclusion22 References24 Executive Summary There are three purposes for this report. It attempts to indentify the problems in the case study Not as Easy as 1, 2, 3. Accordingly, it discusses about six main problems in ABC consulting firm that have negative impact on the organization effectiveness and the productivity of the objectives. These problems are; ABC consulting organization failed in implemented the organizational justice. Next one is the perception errors of Janet, the client manager and human resource director. The third problem is George was forced in the stress situation and George’s dissatisfaction about job and work behaviors which caused to the exit-voice-loyalty-neglect actions is the problem number four. The fifth is teamwork environment, processes and the last problem is ABC consulting failed to implement the motivation procedures in motivating its staffs. In addition, it also mentions about the theories which related to each problem. The second aim of this report is to explain the literature review of some theories that are related to the case study’s problems and solutions. Particularly, the organization motivation justice theory, Maslow’s hierarchy needs theory and the expectancy theory. Lastly, this report intends to discuss about the solutions and suggestions in relation to the case’s problems such as, develop consistent organizational justice system, the methods to relief stress, and implement probably feedback processes system. 1- Introduction 1. 1 Background to the report In recent years, organizational behaviors are very significant in every company which can have positive or negative impact on individuals, groups and structures within an organization for the purpose of applying such knowledge towards improving an organization’s effectiveness. It is because there are many issues need to be considered if an organization wants to be successful in managing people, and maximize their ability and capacity. Hence, each organization needs to create a consistent system that can motivate its staffs and also try to satisfy their needs in order to improve the productivity of the objectives. One of the motivate systems is organizational justice system which provides the fairness or distributive, procedural and interactional justice in the firm. Furthermore, there are many theories discuss about the methods that can be satisfied the employees’ needs such as; Maslow’s needs hierarchy theory and expectancy motivation theory etc. For example, Khin (2010) states that many Malaysian companies’ perspectives about the affect of organizational justice on employees’ job satisfaction, organizational commitment and turnover intention. They implemented the questionnaires around 300 employees about the distributive and procedural justice in a small to medium firms and the result showed that individuals were satisfy with their jobs, had more committed to the organizations and the organizational justice also provided appropriate working environment that can potentially heaps benefits like cost associated to employees retentions, influencing positive behaviors among employees, and thus achieve effectiveness and high productivity in the organization. 1. 2 Scope The case study Not as Easy as 1, 2, 3 focuses on several problems in ABC consulting firm. George was a new consultant staff in ABC firm who was employed by ABC because he impressed ABC’s human resource director and Janet, the client manger in the interview time. They said George was exactly sort of people they are looking for and promise him will get onto bonus system after three months probation. George was assigned in a project team with Daniel, the project manager and Janet, his duty is writing the report. However, nobody guided him how to write the report or told him about the role expectations; hence he could not complete his ideas in the report probably at the first meeting between him, Daniel and Janet. George’s manager disappointed about his report, they said â€Å"we thought you were a little more extroverted†. George was stress and tried to work more hours and put more efforts but had not satisfied his manager when he emailed his report two nights before it was due. Yet, Janet ripped his report to shreds, and told him she needs something more useful. It caused George felt down and lost his motivation, he came to work late, left early and took longer break than usual. He wanted to stay in ABC because of the bonus which his manger and human resource director promise him that everyone can get it after three months. Nevertheless, at the review meeting Janet and human resource director told him that he could not get onto the bonus system because he has not performed at they expected. Consequently, George sent out job applications in that night. 1. 3 Aims The purpose of this report are threefold, these include: Identify the issues in ABC consulting firm which have negative affect to organizational behaviors. Particularly, the six main problems are; ABC consulting organization failed in implemented the organizational justice. Next one is the perception errors of Janet, the client manager and human resource director. The third problem is George was forced in the stress situation. Another issue is George’s dissatisfaction about job and work behaviors which caused to the exit-voice-loyalty-neglect actions. The fifth is teamwork environment, processes and the last problem is ABC consulting failed to implement the motivation procedures in motivating its staffs. The literature review, explain the theories which are related to the case study’s problems in order to the motivation and satisfy employees’ needs. There are three important theories include; organizational motivation justice, Maslow’s hierarchy needs theory, and expectancy theory. Finally, the author provides some solutions and suggestions for the problems in ABC consulting firm such as, develop consistent organizational justice system, the methods to relief stress, and implement probably feedback processes system. 2- Discussion The case study NOT AS EASY AS 1, 2, 3 is facing with some significant problems in the organizational behavior that could have negative affect to employees’ performances, motivation, counterproductive behavior, and organizational citizenship etc. Yet, there are several issues in this case study but the author is focusing on six particular problems in ABC Consulting organization described as follows: 2. 1 Organizational Justice The first issue in ABC consulting company is the organizational justice. Organizational justice is the study of the concerns about fairness in the workplace which includes the distribution of resources has to do with distributive justice, and the fairness of decision-making procedures has to do with procedural justice (Greenberg 1990). Furthermore, Perceptions of distributive justice is one of the reasons employees want to withdraw from the organization (Cohen-Charash ; Spector 2001). In fact, ABC consulting had failed to maintain the fairness in the workplace which included: the procedural justice, George is the new staff in ABC consulting but he did not get any instruction or support to do the first client report. Besides, the distributive justice, the human resource director said that George will be eligible to get onto the bonus system as same as everyone in the company after three months’ probation but at the end of the probation period George could not get onto this bonus system. Consequences, the failure of fairness in workplace resulted George wanted to leave ABC consulting company, he was sending out the job applications. 2. 2 Perception errors The next problem in ABC consulting company is the perception errors of human resource director and Janet who is George area manager and this error can be explained in the Halo Effect theory. The â€Å"Halo Effect† is a type of perceptual error where people perception of one personality trait influences how they view a person’s entire personality (Pollock 2012). The case study pointed out clearly that the human resource director and George’s area manager Janet said he was the exactly sort of person they are looking for because of the impression of George in the interview time, but they seemed to disappointed about George after the first meeting as Janet told him â€Å"We thought you were a little more extroverted†. The perception error of Janet and human resource director has leaded to unproductive of task and George’s dissatisfaction about his job. 2. 3 Stress Another problem is George was forced in a stress situation. Stress is something or situations that are perceived as challenging or threatening to the wellbeing of an individual. These conditions may lead to poor work performance, less work productivity (Colligan et al. 2006). George definitely is facing with the stress due to Janet’s commented on him â€Å"George sensed from Janet’s commented that she was disappointed†. Hence, he had to work from 7. 00 Am to 7. 00 Pm in the office and often do extra work at home. Yet, there were not useful points of his report even in the second time, Janet said she hope George has something useful to present on Monday after she read his report. 2. 4 Exit-Voice- loyalty ­-Neglect model The fourth issue is George’s dissatisfaction about job and work behaviours which caused to the exit-voice-loyalty-neglect actions and this type of actions can be identified in exit-voice-loyalty-neglect (EVLN) model. EVLN is a template that identifies ways that employees respond to dissatisfaction job (Hirschman 1970). Obviously, George was not satisfied with his job. Firstly, George had emailed the report again to his manger but she had been ripped to shreds. Thus, he felt anger, resentment and was not willing to do anything more on the project unless instructed to. Additionally, he had some reflected actions to his job dissatisfaction, Such as; he wanted exit from ABC consulting firm, â€Å"he was sending out job applications† after the company rejected him to get onto the bonus system. This action showed that George had a low loyalty in ABC consulting organisation â€Å"low loyalty produced exit with job dissatisfaction†. He also engaged in counterproductive behaviours (voice), George said he would only do absolute minimum, nothing more and he did not want to continue in dazzling anyone in the organisation. In last, he had reduced work effort, paid less attention to quality and increased absenteeism and lateness (neglect). It can be illustrated that he came to work late, left earlier, and took longer break than usual. 2. 5 Team work The fifth problem, ABC consulting firm had problem in organising a teamwork environment and processes. Teamwork is the cooperative and coordinated effort on the part of two or more people who work together as a team or in the interest of a common cause, which is normally the tasks set by the company (Salas et al. 2008). Probably, Daniel the project manager and Janet the client manager know that George is new staff in the organisation but they were not helping George as a team member. They did not give instructions or even ask if George has got any problem with the report and only expected on George will finish the report more than what he has done. 2. 6 Motivation Finally, ABC consulting failed to implement the motivation procedures in motivating its staffs. Motivation is the forces within a person that impact on an individual’s direction, intensity and persistence of voluntary behaviour (McShane et al. 2013). Particularly, ABC consulting firm was not successful in motivating George. First of all, they failed to identify the ability of George and the ability can make a difference in task performance and behaviour. They thought George was a bit more extroverted, that is why George could not complete the report well as they expected. The second is competencies of George; it includes knowledge, skills, personality, and self-concept, values etc. that results in superior performance. People can realise that ABC consulting firm did not implement well in matching George’s competencies with job’s task requirements and even though they did not provide any training for George, it caused an unproductive of George performance and organisational effectiveness. Moreover, the failure of ABC consulting firm in identifying the role perception to George that means they did not help George understand the job duties assigned to or expected of him. Thus, George could not finish his report as his manager wanted. 3- Literature review The problems in the case study Not as Easy as 1, 2, 3 related with few particular theories in the organisational behaviour which includes the organisational justice theories, motivational theories and expectancy theory of motivation. 3. 1 Organizational Justice The organisational justice contains the different theories that are distributive justice, procedural justice and interactional justice, and they all relate to the fairness in organisations. For example, fair payment, equal opportunities for promotion between employees, and personnel selection procedures etc†¦ Distributive justice is conceptualized as the fairness associated with decision outcomes and distribution of resources. An individuals react to actions and decisions of fairness made by organizations every day, and the distributing of outcomes or resources can be tangible (e. g. , pay) or intangible (e. g. , praise). Perceptions of distributive justice can motivate staffs when outcomes are considered to be equally applied (Adams 1965). On the other hand, procedural justice is defined as the fairness of the processes that lead to outcomes. When individuals feel the process involves characteristics such as consistency, accuracy, ethicality, and lack of bias then procedural justice is enhanced or they can have a voice in the process (Leventhal 1980). Additionally, interactional justice refers to the treatment that an individual receives the explanations or news with respect as decisions are made (Bies & Moag 1986). Colquitt (2001) also declares that interactional justice is divided into two components: interpersonal and informational justice. Interpersonal justice that means the respect and propriety in people behaviours, besides informational justice related to the fairness of the explanations given in terms of their timeliness, specificity, and truthfulness. Therefore, the fairness is very significant in every organisation because people attitudes and behaviours are affected by the fairness of the managers’ decisions that can impact job attitudes and work performances and behaviours. Furthermore, Perceptions of justice can also impact many key organizational outcomes such as motivation (Latham & Pinder 2005) and job satisfaction (Al-Zu’bi 2010). There are some common outcomes affected by organizational justice include trust, performance, job satisfaction, organizational commitment, organizational citizenship behaviours, counterproductive work behaviours, and absenteeism and so on. Firstly, trust can be built from the employee’s belief that since current organizational decisions are fair, future organizational decisions will be fair. In addition, a positive relationship between an employees and supervisors can lead to trust in the company (Karriker & Williams 2009). According to (Hubbell & Chory-Assad, 2005; Cohen-Charash & Spector, 2001) procedural justice is the strongest related to trust in organisations. Secondly, work performance is also affected by organisational justice. Procedural justice affects performances as a result of its impact on employee attitudes. Distributive justice affects performances when efficiency and productivity are involved (Cohen-Charash & Spector 2001). Thus, organisations need to improve the organisational justice in order to increase the productivities and performances. Karriker & Williams (2009) also states that improving justice perceptions can improve productivity and performance. Thirdly, Job satisfaction and organizational commitment, (Al-Zu’bi 2010) declared that the greater of employee’s perceptions of justice result in higher levels of job satisfaction and greater injustice perception will result in lower levels of job satisfaction. Moreover, DeConick 2010; Cohen-Charash & Spector (2001) argues that if employees feel the fairness in procedural justice within the organisation, it will result more commitment to the firm and vice versa. Fourthly, the organizational actions and decisions are perceived as more just, employees are more likely to engage in organisational citizenship behaviours (Karriker & Williams 2009). Fifthly, the Counterproductive work behaviours (CWBs), there are many reasons that explain why organizational justice can affect CWBs. For example, increased judgments of procedural injustice can lead to employees’ unwillingness to comply with an organization’s rules because the relationship between perceived procedural injustice and CWBs could be mediated by perceived normative conflict, the extent to which individuals feel conflict between the norms of their workgroup and the policy of the organization (Cohen-Charash & Spector 2001),. Finally, the Absenteeism and withdrawal of employees due to the perception of organisational justice, such as someone could not get onto a bonus or promotion is an example of a situation in which feelings of injustice may lead to absenteeism from work without reason. Furthermore, distributive justice perceptions are most strongly related to withdrawal in the company (Cohen-Charash & Spector 2001). In addition, there are several motivational theories in the organization which relates to many different aspects. Yet, the author is only focuses on the Maslow’s needs hierarchy theory and Expectancy theory of motivation because these theories have involved in the problems in ABC consulting firm. 3. 2 Maslow’s needs hierarchy theory Maslow’s needs hierarchy theory is a motivation theory of needs arranged in hierarchy, it use to motivate people of fulfil their needs from lower to higher. Maslow used the terms Physiological, Safety, Belongingness (Love), Esteem and Self-Actualization needs to describe the pattern that human motivations generally move through (McShane et al. 2013). Physiological needs Physiological needs are the physical requirements for people survival in the workplace, if they are not satisfy with these needs, their body cannot function properly and will ultimately fail. Physiological needs of individuals are thought to be the most important; they should be met first in order to implement their tasks and function well in the organisations. For example, food, air, water, shelter, etc. Safety needs Every organisation needs to ensure that their employees are safe at work, with their physical needs relatively satisfied, the individual’s safety needs take precedence and dominate behaviours. The safety and security needs comprise personal security, financial security, health and wellbeing security and Safety net against accidents/illness and their adverse impacts such as; working violence, natural disaster, job security, economic crisis, resources, morality, health etc. (Maslow 1954). Love and belongingness The company has fulfilled employees’ physiological and safety needs, they need to motivate their staffs with third level of human needs which is interpersonal and involves feelings of belongingness. According to Maslow (1943), people need to feel a sense of belonging and acceptance among their social groups including small groups (intimate partners, mentors, colleagues, and confidants), and large groups (sport teams, professional organisations, clubs). Belongingness and loved are very important because there are many people become susceptible to loneliness, social anxiety, and clinical depression in the absence of this love or belonging element, Hence organisations should satisfy this type of need in order to motivate its employees. Esteem Every individual needs to feel respected; it contains the need to have self-esteem and self-respect. Esteem presents the typical people want to be accepted and valued by others. People are likely engaged in a profession or hobby to gain recognition and these activities give the individual a sense of contribution or value. Most people in the companies have a need for stable self-respect and self-esteem and these needs can be described in two versions. Maslow (1954) points out two versions of esteem needs: a â€Å"lower† version and a â€Å"higher† version. The need of respect from others people is lower version of esteem, such as a status, recognition, fame, prestige, and attention. The need for self-respect is higher version, for example, the person may have a need for strength, competence, mastery, self-confidence, independence and freedom. Self-actualization This is the highest level of needs in order to motivate staffs of Maslow’s hierarchy needs theory. Maslow (1954) contends this level as the desire to accomplish everything that employees can, to become the most that people can be. Individuals may perceive or focus on this need very specifically. For example the self-actualization needs are morality, creativity, spontaneity, problem solving etc. Maslow also states that to understand this level of need, individuals must not only gain the previous needs, but they have to master them. In general, the lower-order of needs (physiological, safety, and love) and the higher-order (self-esteem and self-actualization) of needs are classified in Maslow’s hierarchy of needs is not universal and may different due to the cultures, individual differences and availability of resources in the region or geopolitical entity and country. On the other hand, Maslow’s hierarchy of needs fails to demonstrate and expand upon the differences between the intellectual and social needs of those raised in individualistic societies and collectivist societies. 3. 3 Expectancy theory Expectancy theory is a motivation theory based on the idea that people believe there are relationships between the efforts they put forth at work, the performances they achieve from those efforts, and the rewards they receive from their efforts and performances. In other words, people will be motivated if they believe that more effort will result to good performance and good performance will get the desired rewards (Fred 2011). According to Vroom (1964), (Chen ; Miller 1994) the expectancy theory contains three components as follows: Expectancy: Expectancy could be explained as the belief that strong or more effort will lead to better performances. This can be described by the thinking of if individuals work harder, they will make the outcomes better. However, in order to get better results individuals also need to have the correct resources available, the skills that are match with the job at hand, and having the necessary support to accomplish the job correctly. Instrumentality: Instrumentality can be described as the thought that if people perform well, then those people will get the value outcomes. Nevertheless, trust and respect for managers who make decisions on individuals deserve to receive what rewards, and see the transparency in the processes of who gets what rewards is something that help instrumentality is having a clear understanding of the relationship between performances and the outcomes. Valence: Valence means â€Å"value† and refers to beliefs about desired outcomes. There are individuals differences in the level of value associated with any specific outcomes. For instance, the bonus may not motivate employees if some one is motivated by increased status, promotion. Valence can be thought of as the pressure or significance that a individual puts on an expected outcomes. Vroom (1964) alleges that the force of motivation in an employee can be calculated using the formula: Motivation = Valence*Expectancy*Instrumentality Application of Expectancy Theory in the Workplace Organizational Applications: Expectancy Leaders need to have an ability to understand expectancy as related to the E-P linkage because it is very useful in the organisations. There are five different components for a manager to keep in mind concerning this linkage. First, a leader needs to design some challenging tasks for employees because unchallenging tasks can make employees feel boredom, frustration and marginal performance. Challenging objectives allow for self-confidence, education, ability development, training, skills and experience, among other things (Isaac et al. 2001). The next component is a leader must consider their staffs’ competencies because individuals differ on experience, knowledge, training, skill, and educational level etc. objectives need to be assigned based on the individual’s level of abilities, if people feel they are not capable to finish the works assigned, the E-P linkage will be weak. A good leader needs to provide the necessary skills to the followers in order for them to be successful (Vroom 1964). Third, managers have to recognize that its employees differ greatly regarding their levels of self-esteem in regards to completing a task. Fourth, leaders need to determine and specify which are possible or impossible outcomes constitute acceptable performances. The leaders and its staffs both need to communicate and reach a mutual agreement on the behaviour that represents a successful outcome for each of them. Fifth, leaders need to recognize that expenditure of effort for many followers leads to satisfaction on the job (Brown & Peterson 1994). Most of employees want to feel useful, competent, involved and productive. The workplace provides a vehicle to fulfil these needs. A manager that is aware of these different aspects of people perceptions, as they relate to expectancy, can effectively understand and facilitate the E-P linkage for each of their employees (Isaac et al. 2001). Managing these elements effectively can help a leader to strengthen the expectancy of each of their followers. The strengths and Weaknesses of Expectancy Theory Strengths Expectations are influenced by incentives and rewards, with clearly goals set, this will trigger a motivational process that can improve performances. According to Vroom (1964) an individual’s motivational force can be equated to the level of expectancy multiplied by the instrumentality multiplied by the valance. If any one of these factors is scored as a zero, then the motivational score will also be zero (Penn State World Campus 2011). This can easily be seen in situations where a people believe the amount of effort put on tasks will not result in the expected rewards, in situations where the level of performances will not yield the desired outcomes or that the rewards will not have the desired value as expected, the individual’s motivational level will be zero (Penn State World Campus 2011). On the other hand, when all the components of the equation are high, the motivational force will also be high (Penn State World Campus 2011). In general, by utilizing expectancy theory, companies must understand the importance of demonstrating appreciation for their employees’ works, and as a result, their employees will perform stronger, and show more loyalty towards the organizations. Weaknesses The weaknesses of between-subject design can be seen in the distinct of each person places on the effort, performance and value of rewards, because this design is quantitative, the comparisons between people are hard to measure. In addition, the applications of the theory in the organisations, in some companies’ the rewards some employees receive might not be seen as attractive as many people change their idea of desired rewards. What may have been a good incentive at one point in time may no longer hold its value to that individual anymore (Penn State World Campus 2011). Expectancy theory is only focusing on the extrinsic motivational factors and the conscious decisions employees make about their performances. Many managers and staffs are not motivated solely by extrinsic factors, such as a pay check, bonus, or public recognition. Consequences, the concept of instrumentality is found to be ambiguous and difficult to operationalise (Wabba ; House 1974). Therefore, it is hard for leaders in an organization to really understand what motivates their employees before attempting to utilize the expectancy theory model. 4- Solutions and suggestions 4. 1 Organisational Justice The case study Not as Easy as 1, 2, 3 has shown that ABC consulting firm has the problem with the fairness in the organisation. Hence, in order to improve and protect the fairness in ABC firm, the organisation should design procedures so they can be consistently, clearly applied to all employees and work groups. For example, have a structured performance review process so all workers are reviewed using consistent criteria. Furthermore, they must develop a policy about organisational justice system which includes procedural justice, distributive justice and interactional justice; like ABC firm needs to provide training and give instruction about the tasks for all new staffs, or provide tests of applicants’ knowledge, skills and experiences. Moreover, on the procedural fairness of recruitment processes, the manager and human director should not promise anything till the new staffs have finished their tasks. The state of Queensland (2012) also alleges that appoints or promotes workers based on performance, using valid and reliable selection and recruitment methods. Because if they promise something to the new employees and they could not receive it later, they will feel disappointed. It causes employees want to leave the organisation and it costs company more to do other recruitments; like George who had sent out job applications after he was refused to get onto the bonus system as his manager and human resource director promised him in the interview. Additionally, in order to maintain the relational fairness the manager needs to treat workers with respect, dignity and politeness at all times. George manager, Janet who should comment and response on his work more polite and respectful, Janet said â€Å"we thought you were a little more extroverted† and â€Å"the report had been ripped to shreds†. Besides, managers have to ensure that management structures across the organisation and reporting lines within work team are clear. This will help workers know who they are accountable to and where they can go for help with work problems, and Ensure workers have an up to date role or position description, which includes the role purpose, reporting relationships and the key duties expected of them. 4. 2 Stress George was so stressed and he could not concentrate on anything, there was simply too much to do, and he had not much time left to implement his report. Particularly, George was stress due to the way his manager Janet treated him, unclear expectations, urgent deadlines etc. Hence, In order to develop an effective stress management program in ABC consulting firm, first way is individual intervention. This starts off by monitoring the stressors in the individual, observes what are the reasons of the stress, next is attacking that stressor and try to develop the methods to alleviate them in any way. Developing social support is vital in individual intervention, being with others to help individual cope has proven to be a very effective way to avoid stress (BMJ group 2013). In addition, according to Lehrer et al. (2007) there are several ways the organization can change that employers and managers can make in order to reduce workplace stress, presented below. Develop work, health and safety program Provide training, ensuring all employees are understand Show that every employee are valued and useful Provide chances for career development Establish a zero-tolerance policy for harassment Clearly identify individual employees’ roles and duties Consult staffs about scheduling and work rules Make management actions consistent with organ